As most parishioners in the central region of our parish family know, I recently came to the realization that the (former) adoration chapel at Queen of Angels parish must be closed. Due to the seriousness of the issues, that decision was made suddenly and without any fanfare at the time (Holy Thursday). The Sunday after Easter I made a point to offer in-person explanation after all Masses and last Sunday I included a special insert in the central region bulletin (which you can read by clicking this sentence). 

Though those efforts speak to the heart of the issues (Church teaching & law and archdiocesan policy), there's only so much a priest can cram into a single end-of-Mass announcement and a one-page bulletin insert. It is my hope that this blog post can speak not only the canonical/liturgical/legal issues, but the heart of the matter: our shared desire to spend time with our eucharistic Lord.

Before we jump in, I should note that this is probably one of my longest blog posts, at least so far (!), clocking in at fourteen pages. I hope you'll read the whole thing at least once, but you may want to skip to a specific section now or in the future. To that end, I am including a table of contents, with direct links to each section:

• How we got here
• Is it really that bad?
• Issue #1: safeguarding the Blessed Sacrament
• Issue #2: the Rite of Exposition
• Issue #3: the location of the adoration chapel (ie, reservation of the Blessed Sacrament)
• What comes next - stepping backwards so we can go forward, well
• What *you* can do - starting even today!
• Final thoughts
• References and recommended reading

Whether to me or our staff, one of the questions making the rounds is 'why now?'. I can't speak to my predecessors or their decisions, but I do need to make my own confession: I've been avoiding this issue since I first arrived here. The sad truth about adoration chapels in many - if not the majority, a significant minority - of our parishes in our archdiocese is that they are erected contrary to what the Church requires. It is far too common for a parish to push forward on an adoration chapel without consideration for what is appropriate or legal. As a result, many of us have experiences of adoration chapels that are within the church building, have tabernacles with window-like monstrances built-in for anyone to expose the Eucharist, and spotty - at best! - coverage of every hour that the Eucharist is exposed. Long before I was ordained, I was a member of a parish where the archbishop himself made note of our quite illicit (another word for 'illegal') adoration chapel, ordering it to be fixed or closed posthaste.

When I first visited Queen of Angels parish in April of 2024 and saw the adoration chapel in the church, I had flashbacks to that adoration chapel at my home parish - and was immediately confident that if I went into the chapel, I would assuredly discover that it shared similar problems....and be compelled by conscience to address those issues (posthaste!).

As a new pastor, taking responsibility for not just one but five new-to-me communities, having spent several months in an extensive consultative process to make already unpopular decisions about parish Mass times & priest residency, and embarking on a build-it-as-we-go archdiocesan program of restructuring, I made the decision ......to not enter the adoration chapel. And it may be reasonable to question that decision - I can't fault anyone who is critical of that choice and of me for deliberately sidestepping the issue until now.

The Lord, however, has a tendency to bring to the fore those issues that we are avoiding, and this is a prime example. As you know, the Mass on Holy Thursday of the Lord's Supper normally concludes with a procession of the Blessed Sacrament from the church to a place of repose. Some of our parishioners put together that place of repose, which was awesome - setting up the canopy, candles, flowers, and a place for the tabernacle. We happen to have a spare tabernacle in the basement of Queen of Angels, so we put off hauling it up (it's heavy!) until Holy Thursday - which several of us went to do that morning. But there was a hitch: the key to the spare tabernacle was missing.

After searching through our lockboxes, checking every drawer, and otherwise tossing the parish office, we came to the conclusion that we would have to use the adoration chapel tabernacle. This wasn't actually problematic, as that tabernacle - like all tabernacles - had to be emptied before the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper anyway. I knew then, however, that the bullet I'd been dodging for eighteen months was likely to hit home. And hit home it did - at the sight of the tabernacle key hanging from the tabernacle itself (with an unsecured monstrance inside), I knew immediately that we could not in good conscience continue as we had been and resolved to make the necessary changes.

(nb: readers may be amused to hear that the missing key to the spare tabernacle was found right where it was supposed to be - in the office keys lockbox! Apparently the Lord hid it from sight so that the need for change would be brought into plain view.)

Let's start with the most important thing: adoration of the Blessed Sacrament is GOOD! The deepest longing of the human heart is union with God - of course we want to spend time with Him, especially in the Real Presence that is our eucharistic Lord. Moreover, we are charged in the strongest terms to put the most holy eucharist at the center of the parish - words, I hasten to add, that are written into the Code of Canon Law's itemization of the responsibilities of the pastor (CIC 528 §2)! In my research for my bulletin letter above, I came across Pope John Paul II's encyclical Ecclesia de Eucharistia (On the Eucharist in Its Relationship to the Church) and found his articulation of that responsibility to be a beautiful one: "It is the responsibility of Pastors to encourage, also by their personal witness, the practice of Eucharistic adoration, and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament in particular, as well as prayer of adoration before Christ present under the Eucharistic species." (#25)

But we must also answer the question itself: 'is it really that bad?'. Unequivocally, the answer can only be 'yes'. But let's talk about why, because the negatives actually highlight the positive: how we ought to and indeed DO treasure the great gift that is the Eucharist!

Perhaps the most pressing issue is one that is both pastoral and baldly practical: the safeguarding of the eucharist. Even if we were regularly changing the exterior and interior door codes leading to the former adoration chapel (which we only recently figured out how to do!), the fact that the eucharist could be picked up and taken away by anyone in the room is enormously problematic. Parishioners can testify to the fact that, from time to time, I have stopped distributing communion to address an issue of the Eucharistic host taken away without being consumed at Mass (most often innocently so, I'm happy to report). This is one example of a different responsibility outlined in that canon I quoted above, which ends by affirming that the pastor "is bound to watch over so that no abuses creep in [emphasis added]" (CIC 528 §2)" Believe me, I feel the full weight of that responsibility at all times, but never so profoundly as during celebration and worship of the eucharist!

When it comes to reservation of the eucharist, Canon Law elsewhere states that "The person responsible for the church or oratory is to take care that the key of the tabernacle in which the Most Holy Eucharist is reserved is safeguarded most diligently." (CIC 938 §5). The General Introduction of Holy Communion and Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery outside Mass (the ritual book for exposition and adoration), exhorts that "(t)he Most Holy Eucharist should be reserved in a tabernacle that is irremovable, solid, not transparent, and locked in such a way that danger of profanation is prevented to the greatest extend possible." (#10) The General Instruction of the Roman Missal quotes Canon Law nearly verbatim when it says that the tabernacle should "locked in such a way that the danger of profanation is prevented to the greatest extent possible" (GIRM 314). That one sentence, by the way, has nine(!) different citations of Church teaching (including Canon 938 §3, from which it gets its phrasing) - among which the responsibility of the priest is emphatically highlighted ("the key of the tabernacle is to be most carefully kept by the priest" (Nullo Unquam Tempore, #1)). 

It is notable that, after the closure of the former adoration chapel, several parishioners expressed their own discomfort around this very thing. Though they couldn't put their finger on exactly why, even before now the Lord has been gently prompting consideration about the appropriateness of just anyone opening and closing the tabernacle!

It is the sad truth is that even among Catholics there are misconceptions about what is or isn't appropriate (to say nothing of actually permitted) with regards to the eucharist. Stories abound of the lovely old church-goer who gives their beloved ailing pet a piece of communion (an incidence of this made news recently, in fact), the child who pockets the host to take home to mom who couldn't come to Mass that Sunday, or the host found left in the hymnal of a pew. These are problems every priest has faced (and more!) in parishes within our archdiocese and beyond - indeed, these are all situations I have actually experienced in my priesthood. And those are just the kinds of issues that come up among well-intentioned but poorly formed Catholics! Someone with actual malice in their hearts and access to an unsecured (and often unattended) eucharistic host could do truly evil things best left to the imagination - but no less real in the danger to the Blessed Sacrament.

From the title alone, you may have already intuited the punchline here: exposition of the Blessed Sacrament is a ritual action of the Church! The rite(s) for this are governed by a ritual book titled Holy Communion and Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery outside Mass. In reviewing the General Introduction, we are reminded that "(t)the principal and original purpose of reserving the Eucharist outside Mass is the administration of Viaticum; the secondary purposes are the distribution of Communion and the adoration of our Lord Jesus Christ, present in the Sacrament." (HCWEMOM, #5).

Before we get to the rubrics (from the Latin 'red letters' - essentially, the instructions!) for exposition, the General Introduction gives us principles that must be followed. For example, we are told - without qualification or exception! - that "(w)hen exposition of the Most Blessed Sacrament is conducted with a monstrance, four or six candles are lit, as at Mass, and incense is used. In exposition with a ciborium, at least two candles are lit; incense may be used." (HCWEMOM, #84) I was rather mortified to discover - several years into my priesthood! - that even as a priest I had failed to follow these instructions - namely that at least four candles must be lit AND that incense must be used when exposing the Blessed Sacrament in a monstrance. Only when exposition is with a ciborium may we only have less candles (two are still required to be lit) and no incense. It was a then-newly ordained priest (and good friend of mine) who gently but firmly offered me correction and guidance on what the Church actually requires.

In the following paragraphs, the Church lays out both a recommendation as well as instructions & conditions. We'll start with the recommendation:

"In churches and oratories where the Eucharist is reserved, it is recommended that solemn exposition of the Most Blessed Sacrament for an extended period of time should take place once a year, even if not strictly continuously, so that the local community may meditate on and adore this mystery more profoundly." (#86)

Foremost, we should rejoice not only that the Church recommends solemn exposition at least once a year but that we are responding - and eagerly so! - at all of our parishes. It does a pastor's heart good to know that his people are already and joyfully fulfilling one of the exhortations that the Church lays out for him: that the pastor ". . . . see to it that the Most Holy Eucharist is the center of the parish assembly of the faithful. He is to work so that the Christian faithful are nourished through the devout celebration of the sacraments and, in a special way, that they frequently approach the sacraments of the Most Holy Eucharist and penance." (CIC 528 §2) Truly, it is wonderful that in each of our parishes there is a vibrant fervor and love for the Lord in the Eucharistic species.

As we continue through the General Introduction, we move from recommendation to instructions - indeed, conditions that must be met even beforehand - for us to do this correctly and well:

"This sort of exposition, however may take place only if a suitable number of the faithful is expected to be present [emphases added]." (#86)

"When, for want of ample numbers of worshipers, uninterrupted exposition is not possible, the Most Blessed Sacrament may be placed back in the tabernacle, at times scheduled and announced beforehand, but not more often than twice a day, for example, about midday and at night [emphasis added].

Reposition, moreover, may take place in a simpler way: the Priest or Deacon, wearing an alb, or a surplice over a cassock, and a stole, after a brief adoration and a prayer said with the faithful, replaces the Most Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle. In the same way, at the appointed time, exposition may take place once more." (#88)

"The ordinary minister of the exposition of the Most Blessed Sacrament is a Priest or Deacon, who at the end of the adoration, before the Sacrament is reposed, blesses the people with the Sacrament itself.

In the absence of a Priest or Deacon, or if they are prevented by some good reason, the Most Holy Eucharist may be publicly exposed for the adoration of the faithful and then reposed by an acolyte or by another extraordinary minister of Holy Communion, or someone deputed by the local Ordinary." (#91)

"The minister, if he is a Priest or Deacon, should wear an alb or surplice over a cassock, and put on a white stole. In accordance with local custom, he may also wear a white cope.

Other ministers should put on either the liturgical vesture used in their region [emphases added], or wear vesture that is not inappropriate for this ministry and has been approved by the Ordinary.

Furthermore, when imparting a blessing at the end of adoration, when exposition takes place with a monstrance, both Priest and Deacon wear a white cope and humeral veil; if a ciborium is used, still they wear a humeral veil." (#92)

I include original texts (with paragraph numbers) so anyone can look them up themselves, but let's be real: that's a lot of quoted text and bolded points! Through the magic of paraphrasing key points, we can summarize them this way:

1. exposition (with a monstrance) is only permitted if a suitable number of faithful are present
2. reposition of the Blessed Sacrament and subsequent exposition may only take place twice in a day
3. clergy are the ordinary ministers of exposition, but an Extraordinary Minister of Holy Communion (aka, an EMHC) may take their place
4. ministers of exposition - clergy or laity (such as an EMHC) do so vested and according to the rites

Before all else, the why of it all is worth emphasizing - and it really boils down to the deep respect Catholics have for the Eucharist: the Church wants to be sure that the Blessed Sacrament - that is, Jesus Christ Himself! - is honored and revered appropriately. Having insufficient (or no) members of the faithful to accompany & adore Him, pulling Him in and out of exposition (a jack-in-the-box comes to mind), having anyone free to do so, and doing so without knowing or following the rites the Church lays out - any of these would be denigrations (even if unintentional!) of the One Who deserves our utmost.

Governance of the issue of location proceeds from universal law down to local law (ie, diocesan policies promulgated by the Ordinary). We'll start from the universal law and work our way to the Archdiocese of Seattle. In the General Introduction of Holy Communion and Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery outside Mass we find the following instruction:

"The Most Holy Eucharist should be reserved in a truly prominent place. It is strongly recommended that it also be suitable for private adoration and prayer, so that the faithful may never cease to honor the Lord present in the Sacrament, easily and fruitfully, in private worship.

This will be more easily achieved if the chapel is separate from the main body of the church, especially in those churches where weddings and funerals take place more frequently, and in those that are visited by many on account of pilgrimages or of artistic or historical treasures" (#9)

In the next section, we see further direction about how many tabernacles a church should have: "Ordinarily there should be a single tabernacle in individual churches and oratories." (HCWEMOM #10)

I can hear some saying, by the way, 'Aha - the General Introduction says 'separate from the main body of the church', to which I respond: well caught! The universal law of the Church is quite generous, allowing bishops and their priests wide latitude in instituting (according to Her laws) chapels according to the circumstances of the local Church.

Which brings us, as you might guess, to our local Church - and the laws instituted locally, decreed and promulgated by our archbishop. Collectively, these policies are presented under the name Many Gifts, One Spirit and are available online for easy reference. Happily, they are divided into individual sections, each according to the area of the life of the Church it addresses. The relevant section for our consideration is Liturgical Construction and Renovation (click here for the Spanish translation). In particular, we look to AF 134, where we read the following (in the fifth paragraph) that "The chapel for exposition of the Blessed Sacrament must be distinct and separate from the church itself [emphasis added] (cf. BLS 78)." We see that our archbishop, having evaluated the circumstances of our local Church, has raised the bar in a slight but significant way: that adoration chapels be distinct and separate from the church itself, rather than just the body of the church.

(BLS, by the way, refers to a USCCB guidelines (advisory but not itself carrying weight of law) document titled Built of Living Stones, which echoes the above language of the universal law of the Church)

We do well to again consider the why of both the universal and local law governing adoration chapels - which boils down to the tabernacle itself: that there ordinarily be a single tabernacle in each church. This makes sense even on the most basic level, as we all desire to be able to have singular focus on the Lord when coming to Him in prayer and adoration! Having multiple tabernacles in the same space or even in separate spaces that are close to each other would easily divide our attention and may even cause confusion. 

I think all of us have experienced the gift of that clarity the Church so treasures manifest in one of the hallmark signs of a Catholic parish, the glow of the perpetually lit (usually red) sanctuary candle, drawing the eyes & hearts of visitors to the Lord waiting in the nearby tabernacle - both shouting and whispering at the same time 'over here - He's over here!'.

One of my favorite quotes from C.S. Lewis' Mere Christianity is especially applicable to the situation in which we find ourselves:

We all want progress. But progress means getting nearer to the place you want to be and if you have taken a wrong turning, then to go forward does not get you any nearer. If you are on the wrong road, progress means doing an about-turn and walking back to the right road; and in that case, the man who turns back soonest is the most progressive man. We have all seen this when we do arithmetic. When I have started a sum the wrong way, the sooner I admit this and go back and start over again, the faster I shall get on. There is nothing progressive about being pigheaded and refusing to admit a mistake. And I think if you look at the present state of the world, it is pretty plain that humanity has been making some big mistakes. We are on the wrong road. And if that is so, we must go back. Going back is the quickest way on.

Disruptive and disconcerting as it is, I propose - assert, in fact! - that our closing of the adoration chapel at Queen of Angels is the necessary about-turn and walk back to the right road. As I said in my bulletin letter at the time, no one did anything deliberately wrong; these were honest errors, not sins - for which we need not feel any guilt or shame!

If we were to stop at this point, what we probably would feel might highlight loss rather than gain - having ceased doing what is illicit (illegal) in our parish but having lost the great gift of being able to come before our Eucharistic Lord at any hour of the day, nearly every day of the year. But stopping was never the final word here - starting anew, with the mind and heart of the Church, is our goal!

For the immediate steps in (re)building adoration at Queen of Angels (and beyond), we are undertaking a few changes at the church. Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle will be possible 24-hours a day, nearly every day of the year. The transparent doors between the narthex and the church will be left unlocked at all hours so that folks can come in via the side door with the door code - which will be shared with any parishioner who requests it (the office will keep a record of all who are given the code, which will be changed a few times a year). As of the date of this post, we're not quite ready to implement this, but I anticipate announcing our readiness this coming weekend.

For the proximate steps in (re)building adoration at Queen of Angels (and beyond), we will be discerning how to expand times for exposition of the Blessed Sacrament on a weekly basis. Currently, we have exposition nearly every Friday from the end of Mass until noon - but attendance has been spotty at best and we have a very limited number of ministers (myself, one of our deacons, and a married couple who are EMHCs) to expose and repose the Blessed Sacrament. Myself, the staff and the relevant parish leadership will consider some options, which I hope will include (but not be limited to):

• monthly exposition of the Blessed Sacrament (perhaps on a Saturday or Sunday or after one of the Masses), with greater solemnity and a parish-wide invitation to prayer - especially for a given intention
• evaluation and potentially re-jiggering weekly exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, with the specific goal of choosing a time - or times! - that work for the average parishioner, especially those with work or school obligations
• identifying & training new and current EMHCs to assist in exposition and reposition of the Blessed Sacrament
• exploring what event-style opportunities might make sense to pursue throughout the liturgical year, such as Corpus Christi, Marian feasts, or local celebrations (parish feast days, for example)
• seeking information on inviting religious communities and lay groups whose charisms revolve around building or restoring Eucharistic devotion in a parish community

Perhaps foremost, may I suggest reading about the Blessed Sacrament! I know, I know, reading Church documents sounds like prescription for a good night's sleep - and it must conceded that that might be the case at times. But the vast majority of Church documents on the Eucharist are not simply lists of rubrics and laws (though some of us find those exciting too!) - they're full-fledged reflections on the very fount of our faith written not from some dry academic perspective but rather a lively and enthusiastic faith in our Lord! These documents not only teach us about the Lord, they are an encounter with Him through the expression of the Church's faith - and a way of also being more closely united with our bishops and popes, who are themselves faithful and excited followers of Christ!

I've cited a LOT of sources on this topic, in large part because I hope to engender confidence that decisions I make are rooted in the teaching and faith of the Church rather than preference or God forbid, mere whim! But I also hope that between the lines of my own written words, you sense the enthusiasm and excitement I have not only for right worship, but just spending time with the Lord - together as a community! And ff you want to be affirmed in your desire to draw near to Christ, you'll find great encouragement in the writings of our Church. At the end of this blog post I've included everything I've referenced, as well as a couple related works that I am confident you will find edifying.

And if you're looking for even more reading, the footnotes of ANY Church document provide near-endless opportunities for reading, reflection, and edification.

Secondly, but no less importantly, come pray with the Eucharistic Lord at church. Every single one of our parishes - from Port Townsend to Forks - is open during office hours. All of our parishes feature at least an hour of adoration before the Blessed Sacrament exposed in the monstrance each week. And within the next few days, Queen of Angels church will be accessible for adoration before the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle 24/7. The words of Christ echo even beyond the Garden of Gethsemane: 'could you not keep watch with me for one hour?' But even if it is for a few minutes, time spent with the Lord bears much fruit.

(If you wanted to kill two birds with one stone, you might even bring one of the Church documents on the Eucharist to read with the Lord in front of the Blessed Sacrament!)

Finally, consider how - not if, but how! - our parishes can assist you in making adoration before the Blessed Sacrament part of your regular life. Perhaps you can take advantage of what is already offered - in which case, get to it! Perhaps we need to offer something more, something particular - in which case, let us know! And don't just let us know, talk to your fellow parishioners about how you can help.  

We have seven clerics and less than thirty staff members responsibility for regular operations of our parishes. In contrast, we have over 1,500 registered households in our churches, with around 1000 Catholics coming to Mass every weekend. What could we accomplish if a tenth of that number stepped into the breach... or a third.... or half - or ALL of us? The only thing holding us back from a grassroots revival is, well, ourselves!

I am grateful for all who have expressed their devotion to the Lord, particularly devotion expressed in adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. In every exchange, including those ones charged with frustration, anger, and confusion about the necessary changes, there has been evidenced a great desire to spend time with Christ. We do well to foster that desire in our own hearts and those of each other!

In his 2020 pastoral letter The Work of Redemption, Archbishop Etienne shared not only his own reflection on the Lord's Eucharistic presence, but also relevant entry in the diary of Bishop Blanchet (the first bishop of our diocese). His reflection on that encounter with his predecessor seems to me a fitting conclusion to our own reflection:

I am struck by an entry in the diary of my venerable predecessor, Bishop A.M.A. Blanchet, the first bishop of this diocese. The diocese was established on May 31, 1850, but Blanchet gives much more attention to a different date in his diary — January 23, 1851. It was on that date that the Eucharist was reserved for the first time at St. James Cathedral, then a simple wood-frame church near Fort Vancouver. Bishop Blanchet wrote: “The Blessed Sacrament is placed in the tabernacle. The church, dedicated to St. James is then, at this moment truly, the House of God, and the Gate of Heaven. We can say now, The Lord has sanctified this house which was built to establish His name here, and His eyes and His heart will always be here.” Bishop Blanchet knew that the Eucharist is Christ’s abiding presence in our midst. Christ is still present in our midst in the Eucharist today, and this presence continues to make possible all that we are and all that we do in this local Church.

Recommended reading

• Eucharisticum Mysterium (Instruction on Eucharistic Worship), Sacred Congregation of Rites - https://adoremus.org/1967/05/eucharisticum-mysterium/
• The Work of Redemption: Eucharistic Belief and Practice in the Archdiocese of Seattle, Archbishop Etienne - https://www.archbishopetienne.com/pastoral-letters/the-work-of-redemption

Referenced works

• Built of Living Stones, USCCB - https://www.arlingtondiocese.org/uploadedImages/CDA/Assets/PDF/Planning%20Construction%20and%20Facilities/USCCB%20Built%20of%20Living%20Stones%20Art%20Architecture%20and%20Worship.pdf
• Code of Canon Law: Parishes, Pastors, and Parochial Vicars - https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann460-572_en.html#CHAPTER_VI.
• Code of Canon Law: The Reservation and Veneration of the Most Holy Eucharist - https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann879-958_en.html#THE_RESERVATION_AND_VENERATION_OF_THE_MOST_HOLY_EUCHARIST
• Ecclesia de Eucharistia (On the Eucharist in Its Relationship to the Church), Pope John Paul II - https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_20030417_eccl-de-euch.html
• General Instruction of the Roman Missal: The Place for the Reservation of the Most Holy Eucharist, Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments - https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/general-instruction-of-the-roman-missal/girm-chapter-5#footnote-10010-124-backlink
• Holy Communion and Worship of the Eucharistic Mystery outside Mass, Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments - https://catholicbookpublishing.com/collections/ritual-editions/products/rite-of-holy-communion-worship-of-eucharist-outside-mass-brown
• Many Gifts, One Spirit: Liturgical Construction and Renovation, Archdiocese of Seattle - https://archseattle.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Liturgical-Construction-Policy-2023-min.pdf
• Nulla Unquam Tempore (On the Careful Custody of the Most Holy Eucharist), Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments - https://www.romanrite.com/nullo.html
• Redemptionis Sacramentum (On certain matters to be observed or to be avoided regarding the Most Holy Eucharist), Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacrament - https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20040423_redemptionis-sacramentum_en.html